NCERT Solutions Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1: Development

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science (Economics) Chapter 1: Development

1. SEO STRATEGY INTRODUCTION & CHAPTER MASTER OVERVIEW

SEO Meta Description: Complete NCERT Solutions Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development. In-depth textbook solutions, per capita income, HDI, sustainability, and board FAQs.

The introductory chapter “Development” in the CBSE Class 10 Social Science (Understanding Economic Development) curriculum establishes the foundational concepts for measuring human progress, standard of living, and socio-economic transformation. Aligned with the latest rationalized NCERT textbook and the competency-based evaluation model of NEP 2020 for the 2026-2027 academic session, this chapter transitions from analyzing individual aspirations to evaluating national development indicators, international comparison metrics, and ecological sustainability.

Development is an inherently multifaceted concept. The curriculum emphasizes that different people can have different development goals, and what may be development for one may even be destructive for another (such as the construction of large hydroelectric dams benefiting urban industrialists while submerging the lands and displacing the livelihoods of local tribal communities). Beyond material wealth, individuals seek non-material goals such as freedom, security, equal treatment, and dignity.

Students preparing for board examinations must master the critical distinction between the World Bank’s criterion for comparing countries (based exclusively on Per Capita Income or Average Income published in the World Development Reports) and the comprehensive United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) approach. The UNDP measures human well-being via the Human Development Index (HDI), incorporating educational attainment (Literacy Rate, Net Attendance Ratio) and health indicators (Life Expectancy at birth, Infant Mortality Rate) alongside income.

Furthermore, this chapter highlights the limitations of average income in concealing internal wealth disparities, the role of public facilities in providing equitable social services (as exemplified by Kerala’s public distribution and healthcare systems), and the concept of Sustainable Development, examining groundwater depletion in India and the exhaustion of global crude oil reserves.

Master Summary Table: Comprehensive Matrix of Development Indicators

Indicator / Metric	Institutional Definition & Formula	Primary Organization / Benchmark	Core Significance & Limitations
National Income	Total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a financial year.	Central Statistics Office / National Accounts	Measures total economic size, but cannot compare countries with different population sizes.
Per Capita Income (Average Income)	$\text{Per Capita Income} = \frac{\text{Total National Income}}{\text{Total Population}}$	World Bank (World Development Report)	Standardizes comparison across nations, but conceals internal income distribution and disparities.
World Bank Country Classification (2019/2026 Criteria)	High-Income: $\text{GNI per capita} \ge \text{US\$} 49,300\text{ p.a.}$; Low-Income: $\text{GNI per capita} \le \text{US\$} 2,500\text{ p.a.}$	World Bank	India is categorized as a Lower-Middle-Income country (approx. $\text{US\$} 6,700\text{ p.a.}$ in GNI per capita at PPP).
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)	Number of children dying before completing one year of age per $1,000$ live births in a given year.	UNDP / Ministry of Health	Key indicator of maternal care, pediatric healthcare infrastructure, and sanitation standards.
Literacy Rate	Proportion of literate population aged $7$ years and above capable of reading and writing with understanding.	Census of India / UNDP	Reflects foundational human capital development and access to basic schooling.
Net Attendance Ratio (NAR)	Total number of children of age group $14-15$ years attending secondary school as a percentage of total children in that age group.	Ministry of Education / UNDP	Measures educational retention and continuation beyond primary schooling.
Life Expectancy at Birth	Average expected lifespan (in years) of a person at the time of birth based on prevailing mortality rates.	UNDP (Human Development Report)	Reflects long-term healthcare access, nutrition, and overall living conditions.
Body Mass Index (BMI)	$\text{BMI} = \frac{\text{Weight in kg}}{(\text{Height in metres})^2}$; Underweight: $<18.5$; Overweight/Obese: $\ge 25.0$	World Health Organization (WHO)	Determines adult nutritional status and adequacy of dietary intake.
Human Development Index (HDI)	Composite index combining Per Capita Income (in PPP US$), Life Expectancy, and Educational Attainment.	UNDP	Evaluates holistic development; ranks countries globally based on human well-being.
Sustainable Development	Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.	Brundtland Commission / UN SDGs	Addresses resource exhaustion, such as groundwater depletion in Punjab/Western UP and global crude oil limits.

[👉 Also Read: Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of the Indian Economy NCERT Solutions]

2. IN-TEXT QUESTIONS & SECTIONAL ACTIVITY DRILLS

Question 1. Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?

(a) Because people are different.

(b) Because life situations of persons are different. (Page No. 4) [CBSE 2020 / HOTS]

Answer:

Different persons have different notions of development primarily (b) because the life situations of persons are different.

• Analysis of Life Situations: An individual’s aspirations, needs, and desires are directly shaped by their concrete socio-economic conditions, current resource access, and daily challenges.
• Concrete Illustrations:
  • A landless rural labourer prioritizes more days of work, better daily wages, and local primary schooling for their children.
  • A prosperous farmer in Punjab prioritizes high support prices for their crops, cheap migrant labor, and higher family income to settle their children abroad.
  • An unemployed urban youth seeks secure employment and career stability, whereas an urban girl from a rich family seeks freedom and equal opportunities comparable to her brother.
• Conclusion: Because individuals start from different economic realities and social contexts, their priorities and definitions of progress differ.

Question 2. Give an example of a situation where development for one person may be destructive for another. (Page No. 5) [BOARD EXAM FAVORITE]

Answer:

A classic example is the construction of large multi-purpose hydroelectric dams:

DEVELOPMENTAL CONFLICT IN LARGE INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS:
├── INDUSTRIALISTS & URBAN CONSUMERS ──> Gain uninterrupted electricity, water supply, industrial expansion (Development)
└── TRIBALS & DISPLACED FARMERS     ──> Face loss of ancestral land, submerged homes, livelihood destruction (Destruction)

• Developmental Gain for Industrialists: Industrialists and urban residents seek large dams to generate hydroelectric power and secure municipal water supplies.
• Destructive Impact on Local Populations: Constructing the dam submerge agricultural land and forests, displacing local farmers and tribal communities from their homes and disrupting their traditional livelihoods.
• Conflicting Interests: What represents progress and infrastructural development for urban industrialists constitutes socio-economic disruption and displacement for the local inhabitants.

Question 3. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion? (Page No. 8-9) [CBSE 2019 / 2023]

Answer:

The World Bank uses Per Capita Income (or Average Income) published in its annual World Development Reports as the sole criterion to classify countries:

• Calculation: $\text{Per Capita Income} = \frac{\text{Total National Income}}{\text{Total Population}}$ (measured in US Dollars at Purchasing Power Parity).
• Limitations of the World Bank Criterion:
  • Conceals Internal Income Distribution: Per capita income is an average. It does not show how wealth is distributed among citizens. A country with a high average income may have a few billionaires alongside an impoverished majority.
  • Ignores Non-Material Human Indicators: It excludes vital indicators of human well-being, such as literacy rates, healthcare access, life expectancy, infant mortality, clean drinking water, and environmental quality.
  • Overlooks Gender and Social Equity: It does not account for disparities in resource distribution across gender, social groups, or geographic regions.

Question 4. Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) of an adult whose weight is $65\text{ kg}$ and height is $1.65\text{ metres}$. Assess whether the person is underweight, normal, or overweight. (Page No. 13) [CBSE 2018 / 2022]

Answer:

• Given Data:
  • $\text{Weight of the person} = 65\text{ kg}$
  • $\text{Height of the person} = 1.65\text{ metres}$
• Formula:$$\text{BMI} = \frac{\text{Weight (in kg)}}{(\text{Height in metres})^2}$$
• Calculation:$$\text{BMI} = \frac{65}{(1.65)^2} = \frac{65}{2.7225} \approx 23.875\text{ kg/m}^2$$
• Nutritional Assessment:
  • $\text{BMI} < 18.5 \implies \text{Underweight}$
  • $18.5 \le \text{BMI} < 25.0 \implies \text{Normal Weight}$
  • $\text{BMI} \ge 25.0 \implies \text{Overweight / Obese}$
• Conclusion: Since the calculated BMI of $23.88\text{ kg/m}^2$ falls within the $18.5 – 24.9$ range, the individual has a normal and healthy nutritional status.

[👉 Also Read: Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit NCERT Solutions]

3. COMPLETE CHAPTER-END EXERCISES (WRITE IN BRIEF & DISCUSS)

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1. Development of a country can generally be determined by:

(a) its per capita income

(b) its average literacy level

(c) health status of its people

(d) all the above (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2018 / 2021]

Answer:

(d) all the above.

Explanation: A comprehensive assessment of development requires examining economic capacity (per capita income), educational attainment (literacy level), and physical well-being (health status), as integrated within the Human Development Index.

Question 2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?

(a) Bangladesh

(b) Sri Lanka

(c) Nepal

(d) Pakistan (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2019 / 2022]

Answer:

(b) Sri Lanka.

Explanation: According to official UNDP Human Development Reports, Sri Lanka ranks higher than India on the Human Development Index (HDI), achieving higher per capita income, longer life expectancy at birth, and higher mean years of schooling.

Question 3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is $\text{Rs } 5,000$. If the income of three families is $\text{Rs } 4,000$, $\text{Rs } 7,000$, and $\text{Rs } 3,000$ respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?

(a) $\text{Rs } 7,500$

(b) $\text{Rs } 3,000$

(c) $\text{Rs } 2,000$

(d) $\text{Rs } 6,000$ (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2020 / 2023]

Answer:

(d) $\text{Rs } 6,000$.

Step-by-Step Calculation:

• Let the income of the fourth family be $x$.
• $\text{Total Number of Families} = 4$
• $\text{Average Per Capita Income} = \text{Rs } 5,000$
• Using the average formula:$$\text{Average Income} = \frac{\text{Sum of incomes of all families}}{\text{Total number of families}}$$$$5000 = \frac{4000 + 7000 + 3000 + x}{4}$$$$5000 \times 4 = 14000 + x$$$$20000 = 14000 + x \implies x = 20000 – 14000 = \text{Rs } 6,000$$

30-Word Short Answers

Question 4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2017 / 2022]

Answer:

The World Bank classifies countries using Per Capita Income (Average Income).

Limitations: It conceals the distribution of wealth among citizens and ignores non-material indicators of development like healthcare, literacy, life expectancy, gender equity, and ecological sustainability.

Question 5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? (Page No. 16) [BOARD EXAM FAVORITE]

Answer:

The World Bank uses a single economic measure—Per Capita Income. In contrast, the UNDP uses a multidimensional measure—the Human Development Index (HDI)—combining economic income (GNI per capita at PPP) with health (Life Expectancy at birth) and education (Literacy Rate and Net Attendance Ratio).

Question 6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development. (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2018 / 2020]

Answer:

We use averages to compare different entities (such as countries with varying population sizes) by reducing large data sets to a single standardized number.

Limitations: Averages conceal internal inequalities. For instance, if Country A and Country B both have an average income of $\text{Rs } 10,000$, Country A may distribute income evenly ($\text{Rs } 9,500$ to $\text{Rs } 10,500$ per citizen), while in Country B, one individual may earn $\text{Rs } 48,000$ while four others earn only $\text{Rs } 500$ each.

120-Word Long Answers

Question 7. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss. (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2019 / 2023 / HOTS]

Answer:

While it is true that Kerala outperforms Haryana on human development indicators despite having a lower per capita income, the assertion that per capita income is not useful at all is incorrect. Per capita income remains a necessary, though incomplete, measure of development:

COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS: KERALA VS. HARYANA
├── HARYANA ──> Higher Per Capita Income, but higher Infant Mortality Rate and lower Net Attendance
└── KERALA  ──> Lower Per Capita Income, but lower IMR, higher Literacy, and robust Public Facilities (PDS)

• Why Money Alone is Insufficient:
  • Income cannot purchase a clean environment, disease-free surroundings, quality education, or protection from infectious diseases.
  • Haryana has higher average income, but Kerala has a lower Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), higher Literacy Rate, and better school attendance ratios.
• The Role of Public Facilities in Kerala:
  • Kerala’s performance is driven by long-term public investments in basic health infrastructure, universal primary education, and an effective Public Distribution System (PDS) that ensures affordable food grains for rural populations.
• Why Per Capita Income Remains Important:
  • Income determines an economy’s capacity to build modern hospitals, train doctors, establish universities, and construct transport infrastructure.
• Conclusion: Per capita income should not be discarded; rather, it must be evaluated alongside health and educational metrics (as done by the UNDP) to provide an accurate assessment of human development.

Question 8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now? (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2020]

Answer:

Energy use in India currently relies heavily on conventional fossil fuels:

• Present Energy Sources in India:
  • Coal: Accounts for over $55\%$ of commercial electricity generation via thermal power stations.
  • Petroleum & Diesel: Powers road, rail, marine, and air transport, while serving as feedstock for petrochemical industries.
  • Natural Gas & LPG: Used for urban cooking, compressed natural gas (CNG) transport, and fertilizer plants.
  • Traditional Biomass: Rural areas continue to use firewood, crop residues, and cattle dung cakes for domestic cooking.
• Future Possibilities (Fifty Years from Now):
  • Solar Energy: Harnessing solar radiation through grid-scale solar parks and decentralized rooftop photovoltaic systems.
  • Wind and Green Hydrogen Energy: Expanding offshore and onshore wind turbines, alongside using green hydrogen as an industrial fuel and energy carrier.
  • Nuclear and Tidal Energy: Utilizing thorium-based nuclear reactors and coastal tidal barrages.
  • Transition to Electric Mobility: Shifting transport networks to electric vehicles (EVs) powered by renewable energy grids to reduce reliance on imported oil.

Question 9. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss. (Page No. 16) [BOARD EXAM FAVORITE / CBSE 2018 / 2022]

Answer:

This famous quote by Mahatma Gandhi highlights the core challenge of Sustainable Development:

• Finite Natural Resources: The Earth provides renewable and non-renewable resources capable of sustaining human life if managed carefully.
• Over-Exploitation Driven by Greed:
  • Groundwater Depletion in India: In agricultural areas like Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, intensive tube-well irrigation has depleted underground water tables, threatening future food security.
  • Exhaustion of Global Crude Oil Reserves: Non-renewable fossil fuels are being consumed rapidly by industrialized economies. Global crude oil reserves are estimated to last only a few decades at current extraction rates.
• Environmental Degradation: Unchecked industrial consumption generates carbon emissions, air and water pollution, deforestation, and global warming, damaging planetary ecosystems.
• Relevance to Development: True development must balance present economic needs with conservation, ensuring that resources are preserved for future generations rather than depleted for short-term gain.

Question 10. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you. (Page No. 16) [CBSE 2017 / 2021]

Answer:

Common examples of environmental degradation include:

• Air Pollution from Vehicles and Industry: Excessive emissions of carbon monoxide ($CO$), sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), and particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$) causing smog and respiratory illnesses in urban areas.
• Contamination of Water Bodies: Discharge of untreated municipal sewage and industrial chemical effluents into rivers like the Ganga and Yamuna, depleting aquatic life and polluting drinking water.
• Soil Degradation and Salinization: Overuse of chemical fertilizers and excessive canal irrigation in agriculture, leading to soil exhaustion and salinization.
• Groundwater Over-Extraction: Declining water tables due to unrestricted tube-well pumping for residential and industrial use.
• Deforestation and Urban Encroachment: Clearing urban trees and green spaces for commercial real estate, contributing to urban heat islands and biodiversity loss.

[👉 Also Read: Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy NCERT Solutions]

4. 15 HIGH-YIELD FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (BOARD LEVEL FAQS)

Question 1. Why is Per Capita Income calculated in US Dollars rather than local currencies when comparing nations? [CBSE 2019 / 2023]

Answer:

Per capita income is calculated in US Dollars at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) because:

• Standardized Measurement: Different countries use different domestic currencies (such as Indian Rupees, Japanese Yen, or British Pounds). Converting to a single global currency enables direct comparisons.
• Accounting for Price Differences: Calculating in PPP terms accounts for differences in local price levels, measuring the actual quantity of goods and services one dollar can purchase within each domestic economy.

Question 2. What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), and why is it considered a sensitive indicator of socio-economic development? [CBSE 2018 / 2022]

Answer:

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of infants who die before reaching one year of age per $1,000$ live births in a given year.

• It serves as a key indicator of development because it reflects the quality and availability of primary healthcare, maternal care, sanitation, access to clean drinking water, and female nutrition within a society.

Question 3. Explain the difference between Renewable and Non-Renewable resources with examples related to economic growth. [CBSE 2020 / HOTS]

Answer:

• Renewable Resources: Natural resources that are replenished by natural cycles over time (e.g., groundwater, solar energy, wind power). However, they can be depleted if extraction rates exceed natural recharge rates, as seen in over-pumped aquifers.
• Non-Renewable Resources: Natural resources that exist in fixed quantities and take millions of years of geological processes to form (e.g., crude oil, coal, natural gas). Once extracted and used, they cannot be replenished.

Question 4. How does the Public Distribution System (PDS) contribute to health and nutritional standards in states like Kerala? [CBSE 2017 / 2021]

Answer:

An effective Public Distribution System (PDS) provides fair-price ration shops that supply subsidized food grains (rice, wheat), sugar, and cooking oil to low-income households:

• It prevents malnutrition and hunger among vulnerable populations.
• Combined with clean drinking water and primary health centers, it directly contributes to lower infant mortality and higher life expectancy in states like Kerala.

Question 5. Assertion (A): Different people have different developmental goals.

Reason (R): People desire things that are most important to them and fulfill their specific aspirations. [CBSE Sample Paper 2024 / CBQ]

Answer:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Explanation: Because people live in different economic and social conditions, their needs and aspirations vary. A landless worker seeks higher wages, while an urban student seeks opportunities for higher education abroad.

Question 6. What are the three components of the Human Development Index (HDI) calculated by the UNDP? [CBSE 2019 / 2023]

Answer:

The UNDP calculates the Human Development Index (HDI) using three core components:

1. Health Standard: Measured by Life Expectancy at Birth.
2. Educational Attainment: Measured by a combination of Mean Years of Schooling for adults and Expected Years of Schooling for school-age children.
3. Standard of Living: Measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita calculated in US Dollars at Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).

Question 7. What is Net Attendance Ratio, and how does it differ from Literacy Rate? [CBSE 2018 / 2022]

Answer:

Parameter	Literacy Rate	Net Attendance Ratio (NAR)
Definition	Percentage of the population aged $7$ years and above who can read and write with understanding.	Total number of children aged $14-15$ years attending school as a percentage of all children in that age group.
Focus	Measures basic educational attainment in the population.	Measures ongoing school participation and retention among adolescents.

Question 8. Why is money in your pocket unable to buy all the goods and services needed to live well? [CBSE 2020 / 2023]

Answer:

Individual income cannot secure all the conditions needed for a good quality of life:

• Pollution-Free Environment: Money cannot purchase clean air or protect against industrial pollution.
• Protection from Disease: Wealth cannot protect an individual from infectious diseases unless the broader community implements public health measures.
• Collective Public Services: Providing collective services—such as municipal police security, public sanitation, and school networks—is more practical and affordable than individual private arrangements.

Question 9. What is the significance of the Body Mass Index (BMI) in assessing adult health? [CBSE 2019]

Answer:

Body Mass Index (BMI) is an international metric used by nutritionists to evaluate adult nutritional adequacy:

• $\text{BMI} < 18.5$ indicates chronic energy deficiency and undernutrition.
• $\text{BMI} \ge 25.0$ indicates that an individual is overweight or obese.
• It helps public health authorities monitor malnutrition, dietary health, and food security across populations.

Question 10. How does groundwater depletion in India illustrate the challenge of sustainable development? [CBSE 2018 / HOTS]

Answer:

Groundwater is a renewable resource replenished by annual monsoon rains. However:

• In agricultural regions like Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh, farmers pump groundwater faster than natural recharge rates.
• Over-pumping has caused water tables to drop by several metres, threatening future agricultural production and rural water access.
• This highlights the need to manage renewable resources sustainably to avoid long-term shortages.

Question 11. Why does the World Bank exclude small countries like Middle Eastern oil producers from its high-income benchmark? [CBSE 2017]

Answer:

While some Middle Eastern oil-exporting nations have high per capita incomes due to oil revenues, the World Bank excludes them from the “Developed Countries” category because:

• Their wealth is concentrated in oil extraction rather than diversified industrial, scientific, and technological development.
• They often experience disparities in education, civil liberties, gender equity, and social development compared to developed economies.

Question 12. What is the relationship between women’s public employment and societal development? [CBSE 2021]

Answer:

When women engage in paid employment outside the household:

• Increased Dignity: Their social standing and decision-making influence within the family and community increase.
• Shared Domestic Work: Greater female workforce participation encourages more equitable sharing of household tasks.
• Safer Workplaces: A supportive public environment enables more women to pursue careers, start businesses, and contribute to overall economic productivity.

Question 13. Distinguish between National Income and Per Capita Income. [CBSE 2020]

Answer:

• National Income: The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year, plus net income from abroad. It reflects total economic output but is influenced by population size.
• Per Capita Income: The average income earned per person, calculated by dividing National Income by the total population. It allows comparisons of living standards between countries with different population sizes.

Question 14. Why is Sustainable Development essential for economic planning? [CBSE 2022 / 2023]

Answer:

Sustainable development is essential because:

• Economic growth that exhausts natural resources and degrades ecosystems cannot be maintained over the long term.
• Unchecked resource depletion leaves future generations with fewer resources, environmental degradation, and higher economic costs.
• It emphasizes renewable energy, resource efficiency, and conservation to support long-term economic well-being.

Question 15. What is the difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development? [CBSE 2019 / 2022]

Answer:

Dimension	Economic Growth	Economic Development
Concept	Quantitative increase in a country’s output (GDP or Per Capita Income).	Qualitative improvement in living standards, healthcare, education, and equality.
Measurement	Measured by monetary metrics like GDP and National Income.	Measured by multidimensional indexes like the Human Development Index (HDI).
Scope	Narrow focus on economic output.	Broad focus on human well-being, freedom, and poverty reduction.

[👉 Also Read: Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights NCERT Solutions]

5. CONCLUDING BOARD TOPPER STRATEGY

Examiner’s Review & Answer-Writing Protocol: In board examinations, questions on “Development” evaluate your ability to link economic indicators with social outcomes:

• Distinguish Comparison Metrics: Clearly contrast the World Bank’s single economic metric (Per Capita Income in US Dollars) with the UNDP’s multidimensional metric (Human Development Index incorporating Health, Education, and Income).
• Use Formulas in Numerical Questions: When calculating Per Capita Income or Body Mass Index (BMI), state the formula clearly, show each calculation step, and include appropriate units ($\text{kg/m}^2$ or $\text{Rs}$).
• Underline Scoring Terminology: Explicitly underline key terms (such as Per Capita Income, Human Development Index, Infant Mortality Rate, Net Attendance Ratio, Palar Pani, Public Distribution System, and Sustainable Development).
• Provide Balanced Arguments on Averages: When discussing per capita income, explain both its usefulness for international comparisons and its limitation in concealing internal wealth disparities.